”Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere
The Indian judiciary, one of the pillars of the nation’s democratic framework, plays a critical role in upholding justice, safeguarding rights, and ensuring the rule of law. A career as a judge is often seen as one of the most prestigious and rewarding legal roles, providing an opportunity to influence society and the legal system. But becoming a judge is no easy feat—it requires rigorous academic preparation, practical legal experience, and success in challenging judicial exams.
The different types of judicial services exams like the MPCJ (Madhya Pradesh Civil Judge), as well as the distinctions between Lower Judicial Services (LJS) and Higher Judicial Services (HJS).
How to Become a Judge: The Basic Steps
1. Educational Qualification: Law Degree
The first and most fundamental requirement for anyone aspiring to become a judge in India is a law degree (LLB) from a recognized university. This degree can be obtained either by completing a 5-year integrated LLB program (after completing 12th grade) or a 3-year LLB program (after obtaining an undergraduate degree). Both courses must be recognized by the Bar Council of India (BCI).
2. Enroll as an Advocate
After completing an LLB degree, aspiring judges must enroll with the State Bar Council to become a practicing advocate. Although experience as an advocate is not a requirement for all judicial service exams, it is highly recommended as it provides practical knowledge of court procedures, legal practice, and case handling.
3. Appear for Judicial Service Exams
To become a judge, one must clear judicial service exams conducted by state or national judicial authorities. These exams are designed to recruit judges for the Lower Judicial Services (Civil Judge, Magistrate) or Higher Judicial Services (District Judge). Passing the judicial service examination is the most direct way to become a judge in India.
Eligibility Criteria
Citizenship
Citizenship of India
Age
Minimum age of 21 years (for subordinate courts) or 35 years (for higher courts)
Minimum Marks
LLB degree from a recognized university, with a minimum of 50% marks
Professional Experience
Experience of practicing law for a specified period, ranging from seven to ten years, depending on the court and the candidate’s background
Judicial Service Exams: Entry Routes
The judicial services in India are divided into two main categories:
Lower Judicial Services (LJS) – For law graduates who want to become Civil Judges or Judicial Magistrates.
Higher Judicial Services (HJS) – For experienced advocates who want to become District Judges.
Let’s delve into each pathway:
1. Lower Judicial Services (LJS)
The Lower Judicial Services examination is the most common entry-level exam for law graduates who aspire to become judges. It is conducted by state public service commissions or high courts across India. The LJS exam typically has three stages:
Preliminary Examination: Objective-type questions to test the candidate’s general knowledge, law aptitude, and logical reasoning.
Main Examination: A descriptive written test that assesses the candidate’s knowledge of substantive and procedural laws, such as the Indian Penal Code, Civil Procedure Code, Constitutional Law, etc.
Viva Voce (Interview): The final stage, where candidates’ communication skills, legal acumen, and overall suitability for the judicial role are assessed.
Eligibility: To appear for the LJS exam, candidates must hold an LLB degree from a recognized university and be registered as an advocate under the Advocates Act, 1961. The minimum age requirement varies by state but is typically between 21 and 35 years.
Examples of LJS Exams:
Madhya Pradesh Civil Judge (MPCJ) Examination: Conducted by the Madhya Pradesh High Court, this exam selects candidates for the position of Civil Judge (Junior Division).
Delhi Judicial Service Examination: Conducted by the Delhi High Court, this exam selects Civil Judges for the subordinate judiciary in Delhi.
2. Higher Judicial Services (HJS)
Higher Judicial Services exams are conducted for the recruitment of District Judges, a senior judicial position. These exams are open to advocates with a certain amount of legal practice experience, usually a minimum of 7 years, depending on the state.
The HJS exam also typically consists of a preliminary exam, a main exam, and an interview. However, the level of difficulty is higher as it is meant for experienced legal professionals. The questions are more analytical and focused on in-depth legal understanding.
Eligibility: Candidates must have an LLB degree and a minimum of 7 years of legal practice as an advocate to appear for the HJS exam. The age limit is generally between 35 and 45 years.
Examples of HJS Exams:
Uttar Pradesh Higher Judicial Services (UPHJS) Exam: This exam selects candidates for the position of District Judge in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Delhi Higher Judicial Service Examination: Conducted by the Delhi High Court, this exam is for the selection of experienced advocates as District Judges.
Why Become a Judge?
Becoming a judge offers immense responsibility, but the rewards—both intrinsic and material—are significant. Here are some compelling reasons to pursue this career:
1. Impact and Authority
Judges wield significant authority, as they interpret laws, resolve disputes, and make decisions that impact individuals, businesses, and society at large. The role of a judge is integral to upholding justice, protecting constitutional rights, and maintaining the balance of power in a democracy.
2. Prestige and Respect
Judges command immense respect in society due to the gravitas and impartiality associated with their roles. The judiciary is often considered a noble profession, and those who serve as judges enjoy the esteem of their peers, society, and the legal community.
3. Job Security
Judicial officers in India enjoy one of the most secure and stable jobs. Once appointed, judges benefit from a fixed tenure until retirement (typically at the age of 60-62 years, depending on the state). The security of tenure, combined with protection against arbitrary removal, ensures that judges can make impartial decisions without external pressures.
4. Remuneration and Benefits
Judges receive generous salaries, and the pay scales increase with promotions. In addition to a substantial salary, judges are entitled to numerous perks and benefits, which include:
Official Residences: Judges are provided with well-furnished official residences.
Travel and Allowances: Judges are entitled to a variety of travel allowances, including vehicles with chauffeurs.
Pension Benefits: After retirement, judges receive pension benefits that are often substantial.
Healthcare Facilities: Judges and their immediate families are entitled to free or subsidized healthcare services.
5. Work-Life Balance
While the job of a judge is demanding, it often comes with a predictable schedule, unlike corporate law, where lawyers may have to work long and erratic hours. Judges typically work within the framework of court schedules, allowing for a balanced professional and personal life.
Facilities and Perks for Judges
Judges in India are provided with various benefits and facilities to ensure they can perform their duties without external pressures or financial worries. Some of these include:
Official Residences: Judges are often provided government housing in prime locations, with all essential facilities.
Security: Depending on their rank, judges may be provided with security personnel.
Vehicles: Most judges are provided with government vehicles, including a chauffeur.
Healthcare: Free or highly subsidized healthcare for judges and their families is another benefit.
Post-Retirement Benefits: Judges enjoy a substantial pension and other retirement benefits, which often include travel and medical perks.
Conclusion
Becoming a judge in India is a journey of dedication, hard work, and unwavering commitment to the law. Whether one aspires to enter through the Lower Judicial Services or Higher Judicial Services, the path requires persistence and a passion for justice. The benefits of this profession extend beyond financial stability and job security—judges hold the unique power to shape society through their rulings and uphold the sanctity of justice.
For those who envision a career that blends intellectual challenge with societal impact, a role in the judiciary offers both a fulfilling and prestigious path.
